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Between words and characters: A Brief History of Open-Vocabulary Modeling and Tokenization in NLP
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Mielke, Sabrina J.; Alyafeai, Zaid; Salesky, Elizabeth; Raffel, Colin; Dey, Manan; Gallé, Matthias; Raja, Arun; Si, Chenglei; Lee, Wilson Y.; Sagot, Benoît; Tan, Samson
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In: https://hal.inria.fr/hal-03540069 ; 2022 (2022)
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Abstract:
15 page preprint ; What are the units of text that we want to model? From bytes to multi-word expressions, text can be analyzed and generated at many granularities. Until recently, most natural language processing (NLP) models operated over words, treating those as discrete and atomic tokens, but starting with byte-pair encoding (BPE), subword-based approaches have become dominant in many areas, enabling small vocabularies while still allowing for fast inference. Is the end of the road character-level model or byte-level processing? In this survey, we connect several lines of work from the pre-neural and neural era, by showing how hybrid approaches of words and characters as well as subword-based approaches based on learned segmentation have been proposed and evaluated. We conclude that there is and likely will never be a silver bullet singular solution for all applications and that thinking seriously about tokenization remains important for many applications.
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Keyword:
[INFO.INFO-CL]Computer Science [cs]/Computation and Language [cs.CL]
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URL: https://hal.inria.fr/hal-03540069
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Automatic Normalisation of Early Modern French
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In: https://hal.inria.fr/hal-03540226 ; 2022 (2022)
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From FreEM to D'AlemBERT ; From FreEM to D'AlemBERT: a Large Corpus and a Language Model for Early Modern French
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In: Proceedings of the 13th Language Resources and Evaluation Conference ; https://hal.inria.fr/hal-03596653 ; Proceedings of the 13th Language Resources and Evaluation Conference, European Language Resources Association, Jun 2022, Marseille, France (2022)
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Towards a Cleaner Document-Oriented Multilingual Crawled Corpus
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In: https://hal.inria.fr/hal-03536361 ; 2022 (2022)
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Probing Multilingual Cognate Prediction Models
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In: Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2022 ; https://hal.inria.fr/hal-03614691 ; Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2022, May 2022, Dublin, Ireland (2022)
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Can Character-based Language Models Improve Downstream Task Performance in Low-Resource and Noisy Language Scenarios?
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In: Seventh Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text (W-NUT 2021, colocated with EMNLP 2021) ; https://hal.inria.fr/hal-03527328 ; Seventh Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text (W-NUT 2021, colocated with EMNLP 2021), Jan 2022, punta cana, Dominican Republic ; https://aclanthology.org/2021.wnut-1.47/ (2022)
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Towards a Cleaner Document-Oriented Multilingual Crawled Corpus ...
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Rethinking Automatic Evaluation in Sentence Simplification
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In: https://hal.inria.fr/hal-03199901 ; 2021 (2021)
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Multilingual Unsupervised Sentence Simplification
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In: https://hal.inria.fr/hal-03109299 ; 2021 (2021)
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Ungoliant: An Optimized Pipeline for the Generation of a Very Large-Scale Multilingual Web Corpus
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In: CMLC 2021 - 9th Workshop on Challenges in the Management of Large Corpora ; https://hal.inria.fr/hal-03301590 ; CMLC 2021 - 9th Workshop on Challenges in the Management of Large Corpora, Jul 2021, Limerick / Virtual, Ireland. ⟨10.14618/ids-pub-10468⟩ ; https://www.cl2021.org/ (2021)
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First Align, then Predict: Understanding the Cross-Lingual Ability of Multilingual BERT
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In: https://hal.inria.fr/hal-03161685 ; 2021 (2021)
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Can Multilingual Language Models Transfer to an Unseen Dialect? A Case Study on North African Arabizi
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In: https://hal.inria.fr/hal-03161677 ; 2021 (2021)
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First Align, then Predict: Understanding the Cross-Lingual Ability of Multilingual BERT
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In: EACL 2021 - The 16th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics ; https://hal.inria.fr/hal-03239087 ; EACL 2021 - The 16th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Apr 2021, Kyiv / Virtual, Ukraine ; https://2021.eacl.org/ (2021)
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When Being Unseen from mBERT is just the Beginning: Handling New Languages With Multilingual Language Models
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In: NAACL-HLT 2021 - 2021 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies ; https://hal.inria.fr/hal-03251105 ; NAACL-HLT 2021 - 2021 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Jun 2021, Mexico City, Mexico (2021)
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Quality at a Glance: An Audit of Web-Crawled Multilingual Datasets
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In: https://hal.inria.fr/hal-03177623 ; 2021 (2021)
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Can Cognate Prediction Be Modelled as a Low-Resource Machine Translation Task?
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In: Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL-IJCNLP 2021 ; https://hal.inria.fr/hal-03243380 ; Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL-IJCNLP 2021, Aug 2021, Bangkok, Thailand (2021)
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Synthetic Data Augmentation for Zero-Shot Cross-Lingual Question Answering
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In: https://hal.inria.fr/hal-03109187 ; 2021 (2021)
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| 18 |
Variation graphique dans les documents d'Ancien Régime : Nouvelles approches scriptométriques
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In: Journée d’étude : « Pour une histoire de la langue ‘par en bas’: textes privés et variation des langues dans le passé » ; https://hal.inria.fr/hal-03357080 ; Journée d’étude : « Pour une histoire de la langue ‘par en bas’: textes privés et variation des langues dans le passé », Sep 2021, Paris, France (2021)
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Expanding the content model of annotationBlock
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In: Next Gen TEI, 2021 - TEI Conference and Members’ Meeting ; https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03380805 ; Next Gen TEI, 2021 - TEI Conference and Members’ Meeting, Oct 2021, Virtual, United States (2021)
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